NGSS Standards:
4th Grade - Energy
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy
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The faster a given object is moving, the more energy it possesses. (4- PS3-1)
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Energy can be moved from place to place by moving objects or through sound, light, or electric currents. (4-PS3-2),(4-PS3-3)
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer
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Energy is present whenever there are moving objects, sound, light, or heat. When objects collide, energy can be transferred from one object to another, thereby changing their motion. In such collisions, some energy is typically also transferred to the surrounding air; as a result, the air gets heated and sound is produced. (4-PS3-2),(4-PS3-3)
PS3.A: Definitions of Energy
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The term “heat” as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this secondmeaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to MSPS1- 4)
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The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy and potential energy per atom ormolecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system’s material). The details of that relationship depend onthe type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of asystem's total thermal energy. The total thermal energy(sometimes called the total internal energy) of a system dependsjointly on the temperature, the total number of atoms in the system, and the state of the material. (secondary to MS-PS1-4)
Middle School - Energy
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Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship betweenthe temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present. (MS-PS3-3),(MS-PS3-4)
PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer
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When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time. (MS-PS3-5) The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment. (MS-PS3-4)
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Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones. (MS-PS3-3)
PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces
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When two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object. (MS-PS3-2)